Music

The year that made us

1976 - the year that made us
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1976 - the year that made us
Photo by Brett Jordan on Pexels.com

Something was going on in 1976. 50 years ago, it was like things really took off, and I don’t just mean Concorde’s first commercial flight. And while Concorde was ultimately decommissioned, other ideas and initiatives launched that year have endured. Among them; the Olivier Awards, Aardman Animations and yes, even the Undercroft Skate Space on the Southbank. Iconic in their own way, all of them celebrate their 50th anniversaries this year. And it doesn’t stop there. 1976 signalled such a coalescence of creativity, innovation and energy that its momentum has kept on rolling – permeating society and shaping culture right up to the present moment.

Let’s look at some more iconic beginnings from the year that made us.

Punk Music

You can’t talk about 1976 without talking about Punk. And the UK simply wouldn’t be the same without it. This year marks 50 years since Punk burst onto the music scene with the release of The Damned’s single New Rose. Shortly followed by the Sex Pistol’s Anarchy in the UK released a month later. It’s important because Punk music set in motion a profound shift in approach: inspiring a movement where everyday people realised they could just do it themselves. They didn’t need to wait for permission to follow their dreams or watch on as others ran away with things. Punk music expressed a frustration with the status quo and sparked a sense of anarchy towards established systems and ways of doing things – in its wake a raft of activity followed. Punk was characterised by grassroots energy and a DIY ethos which would not only influence music all the way into the Trip-hop of the 90s and beyond, but very quickly overlap with fashion, art, politics and social justice to become a cultural movement that would change society forever.

A man with the words Punk's Not Dead written on his shirt.
Photo by Gu00f6khan Baykal on Pexels.com.

The Body Shop

1976 was also the year the Anita Roddick founded the Body Shop – a ‘small green shop’ in Brighton with a big mission to disrupt and change the beauty industry through making cruelty-free products. This was groundbreaking – a major contrast to the accepted and all-too-common practice at the time of animal testing. And although this continues in very limited ways, the Body Shop, together with Anita Roddick’s campaigning and activism did much to challenge and reduce its practice. The Body Shop started small – a way for Roddick to support her family through owning her own business and making her own products. But she restructured the business so that further shops could be added through franchise. Although the brand was hit by controversy when she sold it to L’Oriel for millions of pounds, in its heyday and throughout the 80s and 90s, it exerted a huge influence on a generation of beauty shoppers, who for the first time were forced to consider the way their products were made and better ways of engaging with the beauty and cosmetics industry.

Dame Anita Roddick outside the Body Shop.
Dame Anita Roddick outside the Body Shop via thebodyshop.com

Apple Computers

In 1976 Apple Computers was launched by a three college drop-outs in Steve Jobs’ parents’ garage. It’s hard to imagine that Apple – as cutting edge and culture-defining as it is – has been around that long: 50 years. If there was ever be a set of products that would go on to change society, it would be Apple’s products. With their alternative version – and vision – of the personal computer Apple created a brand synonymous with style and creativity. So beautiful that Apple would easily find its products featured in TV shows and films. And so versatile and user-friendly that there was little argument in the necessity of owning an iMac, iPad and iPhone… And it was Apple’s iPod that changed the music industry in 2001 with “1,000 songs in your pocket”. Forget the need for a cumbersome walkman that you invariably had to hold or clip on; an iPod slid right in to your pocket leaving your hands free. This was thanks to Steve Jobs being joined by product designer Jony Ives in the early 1990s – a collaboration of shared ethos, marketing and design flair which would win consumers’ hearts and minds. Apple knew how to create sleek products that attracted generations of loyal customers and created a whole new way of engaging with technology.

An Apple Computer. Apple were launched in 1976 by Steve Jobs and two friends.
Photo by Armand Valendez on Pexels.com.

Rough Trade

Rough Trade launched in 1976 – another small shop, for music this time, on Kensington Park Road near Notting Hill. On its website Rough Trade hails the 1970s as a decade of “restless creativity” where music crossed borders and embraced multiple genres. While these genres developed as distinct in themselves, others soon took hands with each other, re-forming into new genres like Two-tone (combining Punk, Reggae and Ska) imbibing the fresh sounds of a new multicultural Britain, and challenging existing ideas of the time. It proved music wasn’t neutral. Nor were fashion and art, which characterised the emergent scenes almost as much as the music itself. Genres arising from Punk carried its DNA and just like it, soon became cultural agitators and disruptors too. But it was the music that fuelled the movement. Later, in the 90s, this same DNA would inspire the Trip-hop which drew on Punk, Dub, Reggae – to name a few – mashing them together like a musical collage to create something entirely new. For its part, Rough Trade has stayed synonymous with musical discovery ever since, championing artists, new sounds and physical media like vinyl, ever since 1976. And on annual days like Record Store Day – we get to celebrate what independent shops like Rough Trade do best: bring people together around music.

The interior of Rough Trade record shop, with music on vinyl and music fans browsing.
The interior of a Rough Trade record shop via MusicWeek.

My parents

1976 was also the year my parents got married. Yes, they will be celebrating 50-years-married later this year: their Golden Wedding Anniversary. And in theory – although I was all but a twinkle in their eyes (I appeared a few years later), I owe a lot to 1976 too. My existence was already being cued up as they walked down the aisle and said their vows. It was certainly a year that shaped me – quite literally – without it I wouldn’t exist at all. But it also shaped so much of the thinking and culture that we experience today and get to enjoy about our society. Punk especially signalled the freedom to try – to do it yourself and have a go. Not only does this encourage creativity, it also took power back from the Establishment and put it into people’s hands, igniting a sense of innovation and change that would ripple out across the decades right up to the present moment. And pervading so much of our culture, it’s hard to imagine what being ‘British’ is without it.

A couple getting married in 1976 in the the UK.
Not my actual parents on their wedding day…via Pexels.com.

In summary, it’s fair to say that life would look very different today were it not for the events of 1976. The wider socio-political context at the time, marked by upheaval and a whole set of frustrations, forced the need for change. Importantly this was change that started at a grassroots level – galvanised not only by music, but by the creativity and sense of permission it gave; soon becoming a wider movement with an unstoppable momentum. What a legacy it has given us. And if it was possible then, is it still possible now? Here’s hoping. We need it now more than ever.

© Alexandra Noel 2026. All rights reserved.

Be better, be Punk

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London punk 1970s - 50 years of punk music
From Museum of Youth Culture on Instagram.

“At the last General Election, I spoiled my vote. In the booth at my local polling station, I quietly pressed a stubby pencil into the ballot paper and wrote ‘BE BETTER’ across all the boxes. When I threw open the curtain, I was met with quizzical looks; a feeling of anarchy was burning in my heart. I felt so good. It was one small act of resistance against a political class I felt kept letting people down. I wanted them to be better, I believed they could be. But how?

50 years ago, there was a real troublemaker in town. One that dared to defy both the Establishment – and established thinking. Bursting onto the music scene in 1976; Punk was a musical force. Its anarchic energy and bold attitude bumped up against everything, to change the cultural landscape forever.” Read more at Seen and Unseen…

The echo of ‘Blue Lines’

Massive Attack's Blue Lines at 35 - part of the Bristol Sound.
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Massive Attack’s debut album Blue Lines is 35. Wow.

Blue Lines is one of those albums that shaped my taste in music. As a teenager, Trip-hop just grabbed me and inspired me, together with the whole ‘Bristol Sound’ that Blue Lines embodied. It was a sound I felt I knew already from the music I had been into from a young age but it had never been imagined quite like this. It had all the influences I loved and it had that propulsive beat. Plus plenty of heart and soul. It had something to say too, it wasn’t neutral – I felt it stood for something important.

It would end up inspiring me beyond just listening to the music. At 18 I moved to Bristol for university – in large part because of the Bristol Sound and the whole Bristol music scene. I wanted to be part of it all. And I was, both as a music-lover exploring the music scene at club nights and gigs, and later as a musician – in a small way – playing local gigs at venues on the Bristol ‘circuit’. I’d often see Bristol’s musicians, including members of Massive Attack, around the city – but that’s just Bristol for you.  

BBC6 Music have been covering Blue Lines’ anniversary and the legacy of this album. Listening to their ‘Deep Dive into Blue Lines‘ documentary on BBC Sounds I was reminded that Punk (along with Reggae, Dub and sound-system culture) hugely influenced Massive Attack’s sound, and the approach of a whole generation of Bristol musicians. In Cameron McVey’s words (who together with Neneh Cherry urged Massive Attack into the studio to record): “everyone I know from our generation in the Bristol scene got the first impetus from Punk to actually ‘have a go’. For me Massive Attack is a continuation of that smash and grab ethos of Punk where you take ideas and ideals from right, left and centre [and] mash them around into a weird kind of montage”. Punk’s influence cannot be underestimated – its DIY approach gave people such a sense of permission – and without that we wouldn’t have so much of the music and culture we’ve enjoyed over the last 50 years.

Up to the present day the sound of Bristol is influenced by a sense of resistance. Even though the music now differs from the ‘Bristol Sound’ of the 90s and noughties it carries this spirit within it. It is the sound of Bristol – quite literally.You can read more about the Bristol music scene: from Trip-hop to post-Punk and everything in between, (including the Punk that preceded it) in this piece I wrote on evolving the Bristol Sound. The common thread running through it all is Bristol’s spirit of resistance, which cannot be divorced from its music. Time and place – and the people involved with all of their own experiences – are critical. You wouldn’t have Trip-hop or the ‘Bristol Sound at all; were it not for when it all occurred and where – a collision of influences and people and experiences. It tells the story of the past and present, of a particular place and time – all distilled in and through the music.

© Alexandra Noel 2026. All rights reserved.

Creativity is in the (genetic) code

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Our DNA tells us what it means to be human.

If you read my previous post you will already know that I’ve been reading a lot of James Baldwin lately. And that one of the reasons his writing resonates with me is because it feels like music; specifically like jazz – which he said intentionally shaped his style. You can feel it in his cadence and phrasing; the sense of improvisation giving it an energy and freshness that continues to play across the decades and inform our present moment.

It was therefore, serendipitous (or maybe just algorithmic) when – shortly after I wrote it – I came across an article from the Institute of Art and Ideas (the people behind HowTheLightGetsIn Festival), on how music and creativity are in our very DNA. The article by molecular biologist Ewa Grzybowska, sets out how the existing paradigm for how DNA works (established by Crick and Watson), has been largely superseded in recent years. 

A DNA helix with music notes and a treble clef coming out of it illustrated an article by Alex Noel, writer and digital marketer.
Composite image by author.

The Science Bit

She explains that the established understanding – that DNA codes only for well-ordered, well-structured proteins is now basically redundant. And rather than a machine-like, linear, ‘1+1=2’ process (where one gene produces one structure which has one function), it is in fact something more akin to improvisation. While DNA sequences code for proteins, there are also non-coding sequences. This ‘superfluous’ genetic material was initially thought to be ‘junk DNA’ (even though this would have been jarringly inefficient for any cell to have), until its vital function was unearthed. It gets transcribed into non-coding RNA molecules which have separate functions from the RNAs involved in making the proteins themselves. And which operate as a “vast pool [of RNA]…involved in the regulation of gene expression” both before and after the DNA itself is transcribed. This, Grzybowska says, opens up the “vast new planes” of regulation and is responsible for this paradigm shift in how DNA is now understood. Meanwhile, they also found that some proteins can change their function, effectively moonlighting in other tasks; while others can change their structure, folding differently despite retaining the same genetic sequence. And then there are proteins with no stable structure at all – completely disordered, able to shape-shift according to their functionality. DNA is therefore less a blueprint and more a text to be interpreted.

What it all means

In other words, genetic material and proteins in a cell are agile; able to adapt and respond to changes in the wider environment. And rather than a production line, cell activity is “fluid, improvisational, and brimming with creative possibility”. Our DNA operates more like a live group of jazz musicians riffing and responding to each other and to what’s happening in the room.

It feels helpful to consider this when our present moment is forcing us more and more, to define what it is to be human, especially as we reckon with AI. But being human, may well come down to some very basic biological facts – the fundamentals, rather than anything high-minded or philosophical. If music and creativity are in fact coded into our very cells, what does that mean for our overall operating system as human beings? And therefore, how we can operate it well? Encoded in our DNA is this essence of creativity, immutably printed into our cells. More than that, it forms a responsive, collaborative and improvisational operating system which makes creativity central to our very lives and existence.

Creativity and being our most human

Recent studies, and books such as Art Cure by Daisy Fancourt, lend weight to the fact that we can only hack the human operating system so far. One thing we can’t get around is our need to create – to make things. Art, and creativity, in all its forms – is good for us. It is good for our basic humanity – our minds, bodies and spirits. A particularly powerful dynamic happens when we fulfil a creative idea and make it real ourselves, it might be taking a simple action, or making a drawing, painting, a piece of writing or sculpture, or anything else we might call “something we created”. When we create something with our own hands, whether it’s a paper aeroplane or an oil painting – there is an unmistakeable sense of exhilaration that accompanies that hand-eye-brain connection. And when we’re totally absorbed by it, giving it our full attention. But if we outsource our creativity entirely – both in terms of our thinking and our creative execution, to something that does it ‘for’ us, where does that leave us? We also risk missing out on the process of collaboration: the satisfaction of co-creating with others, and the joyful connection that can bring.

We need to ask ourselves what exactly are we gaining? And more critically, what are we losing? We may gain in productivity and output, but this can soon become a tyranny in itself. Sales pitches I’ve seen from AI companies are often based on a promise that their products will win us back valuable time, but this is a fallacy. Instead they drive more and more productivity. At a recent event I attended, several entrepreneurs declaimed the power of using AI agents to run parts of their businesses. Only to also confess that they were now working double their original hours, rather than using the time they’d won back for their own leisure or to be with their families. In one case, a founder said with a hollow laugh, that as a result of using AI, his 80 hour work week was now more like 160 hours.

There are already strong suggestions that AI can limit creativity and homogenise thought, if you’re in the habit of outsourcing those things to it. Though it may be wildly convenient to have the work done for you, without any of the struggle inherent in doing the work ourselves, we might be losing something more essential to our humanity in the process, injuring our capacities for genuine originality and human ingenuity. For something to feel worthwhile it often needs to cost us something – that it took some effort on our part. It’s that effort which intrinsically connects us to it. And it’s in our essential nature to create, we’re wired to make things, whether we think of ourselves as creative or not. It’s right there in our biology – in our very cells and DNA: that being human is having the ability to say: “I made that” with 100% conviction.

© Alexandra Noel 2026 All right reserved.

‘Have you considered reading any James Baldwin?’

Books including James Baldwin.
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On reading and writing and literacy and… jazz

Below you’ll find some of the books I’ve read and enjoyed over the last few months… plus a few ‘next ups’ (Good Girl and Butter) and one currently in progress. Those I’ve read already come highly recommended. As for the others, I’ll just have to let you know about those. In any case, this is a shameless article about books, and for yesterday’s World Book Day no less, but it is also about literacy and something I’m really excited to be part of this year. Read on to find out more.

Book list

  • Go Tell it on the Mountain – James Baldwin
  • Good Girl – Aria Aber
  • Butter – Asako Yusuki
  • Ways of Seeing – John Berger
  • Night People – Mark Ronson
  • Notes of a Native Son – James Baldwin
  • Giovanni’s Room – James Baldwin
  • Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow – Gabrielle Zevin
  • The Fire Next Time – James Baldwin
  • Homesick for Another World – Ottessa Moshfegh
  • Another Country – James Baldwin
  • The Lonely Londoners – Sam Selvon
A collage of colourful book covers including two by James Baldwin for an article by Alex Noel - writer and digital marketer.
A picture of an open book - Another Country by James Baldwin for an article by Alex Noel, writer and digital marketer.
A collage of colourful book covers including three by James Baldwin for an article by Alex Noel, writer and digital marketer.

When I posted this list on Instagram one friend responded wryly (and accurately): “Have you considered reading any James Baldwin :)” And yes, there is A LOT of James Baldwin, I’m definitely going through a phase. Let me explain.

Escaping the algorithm

A few months ago I decided to escape the algorithm that would invariably send me adverts for all the latest book releases, and instead let ‘IRL’ guide my reading choices. So rather than being influenced by digital marketing (which in theory I’m all for especially if you’re the one trying to market a great idea or a product you really believe in) I decided to let myself be directed by my immediate surroundings. And it has been so refreshing.

Alongside being a writer and digital marketer, I do quite a bit of cat sitting. Often I will be staying in other people’s homes and looking after their cats. Last summer, rather than buying the latest book on Amazon, I decided to limit my reading choices to either the bookshelf in the living room, or the books in the bedroom I was sleeping in. This approach has introduced me to a panoply of new authors and books I’ve only ever glanced at before. I also joined my local library, which happens to be quite large with lots of choice. So that too, has been a brilliant non-digital / real-world / analogue (*delete as appropriate) way to find new books to read which doesn’t depend on endlessly scrolling my social feeds.

And so, when it came to choosing my next great read, I would take my time, and stand quietly in front of the bookshelves. Just letting my attention rest on books I’d not seen before, or those I had heard of and always wanted to read. No hurry, or compulsion. I then might take a book off the shelves, hold it for a moment, turn it over in my hands and read the back, before skimming a few pages and deciding whether to read this one or not. And then I’d either set it down on the coffee table or at my bedside ready to read later, or put it carefully back on the shelf. This approach has been leading me to lots of great books that I don’t think I would have read otherwise. Perhaps I thought they were too old-school, or they just didn’t come into focus long enough for me to notice. 

This is how I finally read a book by the great James Baldwin. And I can tell you now, his writing has impacted me more than I could ever imagine since I read him for the first time last Autumn. Better late, than never. And this feels like just the right time in so many ways. I started off with reading Another Country which I found on a library shelf, and was a very good place to start. I have since read four more books by him; The Fire Next Time, Giovanni’s Room, Notes of a Native Son. And I’m currently reading Go Tell it on the Mountain. The way he conveyed and expressed meaning; his craft, blows me away. I’m basically in love with his writing; it is tender, heart-breaking, incisive, inspiring, angering, confronting. It is very very good.

Music and social commentary

There are two things I especially love about his writing:

Firstly, it feels like music to me: the phrasing, the cadence, the rhythm and the way the words sound together. Most of all it feels like jazz, there’s that sense of push and pull, and a freshness that reminds me of improvisation. As someone who’s really ‘into’ music, the experience of reading words that feel musical really resonated with me. One thing I take a lot of pleasure in when I write, is channelling my musicality into it. When I wanted to understand more of this I discovered that James Baldwin’s writing style was strongly influenced by music, he said this: “I think I really helplessly model myself on jazz musicians and try to write the way they sound”. And boy, did he…

Secondly, what I’ve read so far (and there’s a lot more to read), whether fiction, essays or memoir – contains a searing social commentary on the world he moved through. His insights into what it means to be American and a person of colour are totally confronting, accompanied by a clear-eyed perspective on white sensibilities and how they have shaped the dominant culture in the West. It has shed a lot of light on our present moment and the way in which American culture imagines itself. He was an observer, a true artist, and someone who didn’t conform. He could put himself into the shoes of people very different to him to connect with them – writing with an empathy and tenderness which drew out their essential humanity. This approach is so inspiring, as is the way he used his creativity to hold up a mirror to society, where would we be without it? His work stands the test of time and still feels so relevant, and I’m learning so much from it.

There’s a lot more to say about James Baldwin and each of these books I list above, but that’s for another time. And now for what I mentioned at the beginning:

Writing and reading are totally intertwined, you can’t do one well without the other, (whichever tools you’re using). That’s why, this year I’ve become a National Year of Reading champion with the National Literacy Trust. If you’re looking for someone to talk enthusiastically about books, reading… (and writing), and literacy in general – do get in touch. I’d love to help!

© Alexandra Noel 2026 All rights reserved.

The Flimsy of “Wuthering Heights”

Jacob Elordi and Margot Robbie in Wuthering Heights wearing black in Yorkshire.
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All that wind might blow Wuthering Heights away

On a very wet and blustery Sunday afternoon I went to see Emerald Fennell’s “Wuthering Heights”, which opened in UK cinemas on Valentine’s Day. And let me tell you; those quotation marks, insinuating its loose affiliation to the original book, are absolutely necessary. In this article I’m sharing my immediate impressions of the film. There’s at least one more article coming which looks at other aspects in greater depth.

Interpreting the text

Firstly, if you have never read the book, it doesn’t matter – because this film bears little resemblance to it. I had this fact quickly corroborated by the two young women sitting in the audience next to me when I asked them for their opinion. And then later when I reviewed and checked the plot when nothing seemed to… check out. But “Wuthering Heights” is not designed to be an accurate adaptation. It is entirely Fennell’s own interpretation of Emily Brontë’s book. And based – as I can well imagine – on a particular way it made her feel as a young person. So in that respect at least, it is entirely faithful to her experience. She has said in interview that this is the film her 14-year-old self would have made. And honestly, it shows. It is full of nostalgia for the crushes and dreams and whimsy that play like a collection of posters on a teenage girl’s bedroom wall; the excitedness of sleepovers, coming-of-age films and emotive chart songs… and boys.

It is also perhaps the story a 14-year-old would have wanted to read. Instead of its bleak reality which never satisfies Catherine and Heathcliff’s obsessive longing for each other, meaning their love is never consummated – not even close. Fennell’s decision to gratify many-a-reader’s own longing and deliver up the passionate love affair that never actually happened, changes things entirely. In that sense, this film is a total revision of Wuthering Heights, imagining a parallel world for these two unrequited lovers. It’s very Sliding Doors. To help achieve this she has removed certain characters, changed timelines and focused only on Volume 1 of the book. In Fennell’s version, the romance-that-never-happened is now vital and centred, and propelling the characters towards the same star-crossed doom as Romeo and Juliet. And altogether avoiding the novel’s deeper message and significance.

Music montages and big feelings

One of many things I wasn’t expecting was that a large portion of the film would dispense with any meaningful plot development. And be given over to a series of montages – styled in a way that can only be described as ‘1980s music-video’. It’s probably no accident that Charli xcx’s album which accompanies the film is full of synths and breathy, choral sounds – think Enya or T’Pau. Montages aim to cover a lot of storytelling in a short time – but the film relies heavily on these to convey the pair’s desperate desire for each other, as well as its consummation. The music videos of those aforementioned artists, plus the Bangles, Madonna and others (Billy Idol even), offer up the right type of romance thanks to their billowing curtains, countless candles, and studio backlighting – as well as overacting those Big Feelings. In the end, it was beginning to feel a bit like a parody, and the much-lauded eroticism of the sex scenes seemed to fall flat. Frankly it left me cold.

Then there are other moments which, for me, evoke 80s films like The Never Ending Story, itself traumatising a whole generation of children just as much as the Brontë sisters’ work – Jane Eyre anyone? And also The Princess Bride. And of course, Kate Bush is in the mix too. Her own avant garde interpretation of the book gave us her song by the same name. But she too – according to the women I spoke to after watching the film – had mis-sold them on the romance of the book. 

Aesthetics and religious overtones

The 1980s seem a good lens to unite the aesthetics, including bright colours, big hair and bigger jewellery, harnessing all the opulence of the era to supercharge the Georgian-Victorian-Edwardian looks worn, especially by Margot Robbie’s Cathy. It’s a hodge-podge of influences but it works. Emblematic of this – and used to great effect – are the crucifixes; a nod perhaps to the book’s religious overtones and Victorian morality which produce the context for some of its bleakest moments, and its most repressed emotions. Her bejewelled cross resembles those worn by Madonna, in white wedding dress, during her Like a Virgin performance at the MTV Video Music Awards in 1984. This use of religious icons rankled the Catholic church, but inspired swathes of adoring teenage fans to adopt her look. It filtered out across the high fashion and music of the decade. Utilised in collections by Christian Lacroix, Chanel and Karl Lagerfeld, its design drew from the Baroque era to make it become synonymous with 80s fashion. Madonna wore Christian Lacroix for Like a Prayer‘s album artwork, shot by Herb Ritts, albeit more muted than his catwalk couture. Nonetheless, it echoes Margot Robbie’s historically-inspired outfits – bodices and all. In terms of costume, it’s to designers like these, and others like Mugler, Alexander McQueen and Vivienne Westwood that Fennell has looked for inspiration, and for many of the high fashion moments she orchestrates, artfully staged in their own right (but jarring with the film overall). Meanwhile, Heathcliff’s outfits simply observe the tradition of Brontë’s time. But the gold-tooth and earring are enough to give him the air of a pirate plundering his treasure.

[Scroll down to keeping reading…]

Madonna in her Like a Prayer era wearing Christian Lacroix for a Herb Ritts photoshoot - for an article by Alex Noel, writer and digital marketer.
A 1980s female model on the catwalk wears an outfit by Christian Lacroix - for an article by Alex Noel, writer and digital marketer.
Margot Robbie wears a white dress against a blue background in a still from the film "Wuthering Heights" - for an article by Alex Noel, writer and digital marketer.

Providing further crossover with Robbie’s costumes and appearing at least, to inspire much of life in the Linton household, is the saccharine Victoriana of Tim Burton’s Alice in Wonderland. Even down to several outfits worn by Robbie which remind me of the Queen of Hearts. Cathy more than evokes Helena Bonham-Carter’s spoiled sense of entitlement in the way she treats ‘her’ Heathcliff, whom she proudly named as if he were her pet. And in much the same way that the queen treats her grovelling subjects; Cathy is screaming and petulant when she doesn’t get her way. Meanwhile, the tables at Thrushcross Grange groan under a spread of food in keeping with the boastful excesses of the Victorian era. This is told by one particular shot which slowly zooms in towards Margot Robbie seated at one end, over a banquet of confectionary including towers of sweetmeats, macarons and aspic jellies. It doesn’t miss a beat in calling to mind the Mad Hatters tea party with its exuberant colours, outlandish creations and well, madness.

Cinematic references

In amongst all this is Fennell’s obvious affection for golden-era technicolour romances, even if it does mildly poke fun at them too. Much like the Coen brothers did in their film Hail, Caesar! it sends up the style of the time – overacting and all. In that film a subplot features a group of Marxist writers who kidnap the star of the film whose screenplay they’ve written, in a conspiracy which aims to exploit the studio system. As a result, the Coen brothers critique both capitalism and communism with equal irony. In light of this, it is interesting that there have been several Marxist readings of Wuthering Heights, a candidate for this by being written just as the industrial revolution was firmly taking hold, and noticeably in West Yorkshire where the book is set. Its capitalist goals soon to change forever the agrarian community Emily Brontë writes about. 

Aside from this there are lighter moments of slapstick comedy, in the spirit of Singing in the Rain. Speaking of rain: there is an awful lot of it. As one internet commentator put it: “‘Yorkshire’ in the film looks as though it suffers from permanent monsoon. The Yorkshire tourist board must be thrilled.’’ The production designer, Suzie Davies speaking to Architectural Digest (ArchDigest) on Instagram explains how they built a composite set as “a throwback to those 40s and 50s-type films” where the whole environment was built within a studio. The ‘wet look’ they give much of the set is about more than just the weather (though wind and rain effects were going in nearly every scene, she says). The tiles on the buildings were finished in high gloss: “we wanted the whole environment to feel really wet and sweaty and moist” as if “even the walls were sweating, crying or extruding some kind of bodily fluid.” Which neatly circles back to that bathroom scene in Emerald Fennell’s previous film – Saltburn. 

This film does seem made more for stage than screen; so much so that I wonder if I can see the sets wobbling, especially at wind-battered Wuthering Heights, which sits in a dramatic high-sided ravine perpetually assaulted by the elements. But I also wonder if Emily Brontë herself saw her characters acting this story out, the book is a little too hyperbolic to only live on the page. But perhaps it was inspired by hyperbolic characters – I’ve heard Lord Byron’s poetry mentioned more than once as a major inspiration for her writing. And whose heroes (‘Byronic’ as they were) would likely have been on her own bedroom wall, had she lived in the 1980s. Nonetheless, under all that gloss, Emerald Fennell’s film still lacks cohesion but it is “Wuthering Heights” after all. And though it is flimsy, it does have its own sense of robustness.

© Alexandra Noel – all rights reserved 2026

Music’s euphoric moments

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What if I touched heaven?

A woman dances lost in music in a club, holding her partner's hand - for an article by Alex Noel, writer and digital marketer.

“That absence makes the heart grow fonder is arguably as true for love, as it is for music. Think of that song – the one that defined a particular era of life: hearing it again can stop you in your tracks. The same is true for a favourite artist or band; whose album you listened to on repeat, imbibing every phrase and refrain. When they finally release new music or go on tour again; our heart-fluttering excitement tells us how much we have missed them, how truly we love them.” Read more at Seen & Unseen.

The eternal light of LUX

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Rosalìa’s new album, LUX, is one to inspire devotion

Rosalìa's album cover for LUX, featuring her in a while top and nun's habit - for an article by Alex Noel, writer and digital marketer.

“If there was ever an album to inspire devotion, it would be LUX by Rosalía. Since its release on November 7th, it has been received to rapturous applause. And not for the reasons you might expect. LUX (which means ‘light’ in Latin) doesn’t tick a set of boxes guaranteed to win over audiences or aim to please an algorithm…” Read more at Woman Alive magazine.

Evolving the Bristol Sound

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Music that moves you: from determined resistance to inspiring change

When Massive Attack played their first Bristol show in 5 years – on August 2024 – it provided the perfect excuse to look back. At how the Bristol Sound has evolved from the Trip-hop that first defined it, to encompass Idles’ post-punk and everything in between. And to consider afresh what it all really stands for.

A lot has happened in Bristol, and elsewhere – since Idles released their 4th album, Crawler in November 2021. And I certainly wasn’t the first person to notice that it opened with an obvious nod to mainstays, Massive Attack: “You might initially think you’ve accidentally put on Massive Attack’s Mezzanine with opener ‘MTT 420 RR’ heavily referencing ‘Angel’ by their fellow Bristolians”, wrote The List’s review in 2022.

‘MTT 420 RR’ by Idles bears more than a passing resemblance to Massive Attack’s ‘Angel’.

And that’s not where the similarities end. 

The ‘Bristol Sound’ has always been more than the trip-hop that came to define it in the 90s. And equally it’s more than its evolution over the last few years to include Idles’ post-punk prominence. 

Idles and the changing Bristol Sound

Releasing their 5th album, TANGK, in February, there’s no question that Idles have established themselves as a force to be reckoned with. Are they mainstream now? No, not yet. Still, they’re probably the first name that springs to mind for many when it comes to the Bristol music scene. 

But as Idles continue their meteoric rise, Massive Attack remain steadfast – they’re not backing down. They play their first UK show in five years on August bank holiday weekend. From Bristol’s Clifton Downs they will look out over a musical landscape much altered since their last outing. And yet entirely congruent with Bristol’s unique musical history. What could Idles possibly have in common with them – apart from that creeping intro section?

While Idles’ music is nowhere near the ‘Bristol Sound’ popularised over 25 years ago, it still sounds like Bristol all right. It draws from the same well of resistance and independence that has fuelled the Bristolian attitude for years, and has been variously expressed by bands like Smith & Mighty, Tricky and Massive Attack, not to mention drum and bass outfits like Roni Size’s Reprazent, and many more. 

The wider scene, while less well-known, has always included metal, folk, rock, punk, indie and country too. And arguably there’s been more of a shift towards these in recent years. Those watching Bristol’s music will be all too aware of Americana star Yola, who sang with Massive Attack (under name Yolanda Quartey) in her early career, and arrives at her current success by way of the hugely underrated Bristol country band, Phantom Limb. 

Living and playing music in Bristol

The richness of the music scene had me happily living in that great city for 12 years, even dabbling in it as a musician myself; and never short of new music to discover. Bristol’s music has always been a blend of rich cultural influences. The city’s post-punk evolution is intriguing, especially if you were immersed in the music scene of the late 90s and noughties. But punk sensibilities are deeply rooted in Bristol. Not least in the fact that Bristolians are fiercely protective of their city – successfully resisting the attempts of insistent corporates to infiltrate it over the years. 

One such attempt on Gloucester Road – gracefully winding its way north from the city centre and full of independent shops and businesses – was met in 2011 with local residents firebombing a new Tescos. Renowned Bristol artist Banksy paid homage to the city’s energy in one of his street murals: the words ‘The Mild Mild West’ set above a cuddly teddy bear readying itself to chuck a Molotov cocktail at police carrying riot shields. You get the idea. 

As if to drive the point home, the china shop across the street makes a colourful selection of porcelain mugs and homeware – decorated with socialist slogans. Perfect for that delicious cuppa – served up with a slice of anarchy perhaps. For me the piéce de ‘resistance’ was a mug I saw there in 2020 emblazoned with the slogan ‘Dump Trump’ – neatly positioned for display in a porcelain toilet bowl.

Stokes Croft China shop in Bristol - photo by Alex Noel, writer and digital marketer.
Stokes Croft China shop – photo by author (2020)
In Stokes Croft China shop in Bristol, a toilet bowl with a mug which says 'Dump Trump' on it - by Alex Noel, writer and digital marketer.
Dump Trump porcelain mug – photo by author (2020)

Doubling down on resistance

During the Covid years, Bristol doubled-down on this resistance. It has continued to fight off commercialisation, and has thrown itself against one big issue after the other; protesting against Brexit, the Climate Crisis, the city’s legacy of Colonialism and Slavery, with thousands coming out in support of Black Lives Matter and later Ukraine.

A seminal moment happened in 2020 when the statue of slave-trader, Edward Colston, who had financed and lent his name to numerous landmarks in the city – was toppled from its position in the city centre and thrown into the river. Suddenly, former-Mayor, Marvin Rees, was all over the national news. He stated that despite the criminal damage, it was important to have empathy and listen to such protestors. And ordered the disgraced statue be retrieved and stored as a lesson for posterity.

A subsequent sculpture by eminent artist – Mark Quinn (of BLM protestor, Jen Reid) put in place of it without permission – was removed by Bristol City Council within 24 hours. Rees announced that whatever replaced the original statue would be decided pending a public consultation. (Banksy, who by nature has never asked permission, remains).

Many of these same issues have been addressed in Idles’ rage-filled song lyrics too, many of which strongly critique class struggle, capitalism, toxic masculinity, mental health and the idea of protest itself. And so it would seem that the anger and dis-establishmentarianism of the punk era has found a vital new resonance. A sure reason for the band’s success. It is music with an energy and metre that cries out for change. 

Even in the 90s and noughties, trip-hop’s fusion of influences was credited as being “music for our globally aware and culturally fragmented times”. While it may have captured the times it didn’t challenge them in the way Idles have over the last few years.

Breaking the mould

But Idles are adamant that they are not activists, though their lyrics would say otherwise. Through Covid and BLM they were thoughtful, and gave voice to the angst shared by countless fans. And when the Israel-Palestine conflict erupted more recently, they were co-opted into this cause. Fans assumed their music would automatically translate into an active political stance on the issue. But they resisted – if their music is about activism, it’s very much on their terms. They will be the ones to define it, and to decide how and when (at Glastonbury this year as it turns out).

Lead singer, Joe Talbot stated in a Rolling Stone interview in January that: “We are not activists. I am concerned with the human condition and how that affects each other, and I use music to connect it to the world”.

Idles have resisted the post-punk label too. In 2017 off the back of their breakout album, Brutalism, Talbot said: “We’re not a post punk band. I guess we have that motorik, engine-like drive in the rhythm section that some post punk bands have, but we have plenty of songs that aren’t like that at all.” 

Massive Attack have also resisted their trip-hop label, finding it limiting to the point of saying, “It doesn’t describe our music at all”. Neither band wants to be defined. Their rejection of these monikers gives them more in common than music ever could, both unconsciously shaped by the city’s values.

Despite shunning the punk label to evolve their sound (as their new album shows), Idles still sits firmly within the post-punk milieu. Like the post-modernism of the late 20th century, they have broken punk down further and further which each successive album – they query its tenets, asking how it could be reimagined. 

On TANGK they continue to use the distortion and synths first introduced on Crawler, but they also hark back to punk’s foundations on this album with songs referencing 50s rock and roll. 

Confronting the issues

With the issues, political or otherwise, that Talbot has addressed; perhaps they have gone further than punk ever could in confronting them. Exasperation with the Tory government, wrestling with questions of what it means to be a man, Talbot’s own, at times overwhelming, sense of grief and personal loss, and his journey with mental health issues, have all ultimately become a means of self-reflection. Talbot now holds up a mirror both to himself and society.

The political energy in their music isn’t so much that of the Clash and the Sex Pistols – though they’ve been compared to them often enough. Yes the repetition in their lyrics stands like protest chants – but they’re not those of anti-government rallies. It’s the angry objections spoken by frustrated families in tidy living rooms that we hear. 

They’ve been called out for being middle class – the Sleaford Mods have criticised them openly for appropriating Punk from the working classes. But even the middle classes can become disenfranchised. And Talbot rightly gives voice to that. 

Idles have captured that angry impotence and powerlessness that convinces you that all you can do is rage and vent. That’s what happens when no-one is listening any more. Talbot has become more and more reflective over these five albums, admitting that he’s less about changing things ‘out there’ and increasingly focuses on changing himself. This has come by way of his mother’s death, and his first daughter being stillborn, all prompting his own torturous self-examination. 

This album is geared even more decidedly towards self-reflection and personal healing. Perhaps that’s the way real change happens anyway. On TANGK Talbot is empowered and clear – no longer shouting but with a gravitas that makes you lean in and listen to what he’s saying.

Musical heritage rooted in Bristol and beyond

Both bands can trace their musical heritage to a fusion of influences rooted in the 60s and 70s that have created the diversity of today’s ‘Bristol Sound’. Emerging in the late 70s in rejection of mainstream rock and roll music, punk was already politically charged. By then in Bristol, sound system culture had taken off thanks to the arrival of migrants from the Caribbean who have continued to have a huge influence on the city’s (and UK’s) music. Bringing with them reggae, dancehall, rocksteady; and dub – its progeny the trip-hop of the 90s. In turn punk absorbed reggae – the sound has both recombined with other influences and also remained distinct. 

On TANGK Idles call back to the rock and roll which inspired punk in the first place as well as imbibing the distortion, synths and electronic sounds more often associated with Massive Attack and their counterparts. And vice versa, Massive Attack’s Robert del Naja (aka 3-D) noted in an interview that their album Mezzanine: ““really did bring in all the elements that made us,” he said. ”Funk, soul, reggae, hip-hop and punk thing – it was all there.””

These Bristol cousins undoubtedly share common DNA. The ‘Bristol Sound’ has been described as “possessing a darkness that is uplifting, a joyful melancholy”. Though different, both Idles’ and Massive Attack’s music is certainly that. 

TANGK continues to capture this juxtaposition, still it is a different beast from Idles’ early days, taking ground towards a sense of reconciliation, self-empowerment, joy and love – a long way from their first album, which was angrier, darker and more frustrated. 

Evolving the Bristol Sound to take action

This marks the evolution of their message and sound, and of themselves – especially that of Joe Talbot. I can’t help but think that we’ve gone on this journey with them. That we’re getting better at processing our anger and at finding ways to communicate our frustrations: at looking at ourselves first before attacking others.

It remains to be seen what ‘Act 1.5‘ will bring as Massive Attack re-enter the musical fray. But it seems they’ve been taking notes – the ‘Climate Action Accelerator’ will address the climate crisis and sets out to be the lowest carbon show of its size. Maybe actions will speak louder than words in their case. 

As the ‘Bristol Sound’ continues to evolve, it is not only becoming older and wiser, but an increasingly compelling voice for change, embodying its possibilities and rewards. And perhaps what unites Idles and Massive Attack more than anything is a shared belief that it’s invariably better to ‘be the change you want to see’.

© Alexandra Noel – All Rights Reserved – May 2024